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The goal of clinical research is to develop knowledge that improves human health, or increases understanding of human biology. Most clinical trials in the United States are approved and monitored by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in order to ensure that the risks are minimal, and are worth stated potential benefits. An IRB is an independent committee that consists of physicians, statisticians, and members of the community who ensure that clinical trials are ethical, and that the rights of participants are protected.

After a clinical trial is completed, the researchers examine the findings collected during the study, before making decisions about the merit of further testing. After a phase I or II trial, researchers must decide whether to move on to the next phase, or to stop testing due to safety concerns or effectiveness of the treatment. When a phase III trial is completed, researchers are challenged to consider whether the results have medical significance.